GB/T5588—2002《银镍、银铁电触头技术条件》标准综述

为了适应国内外银镍、银铁电触头市场发展的需要，结合当前银镍、银铁电触头的生产现状，对GB／T5588－2002标准进行了综合评述。     

Equilibrium characteristics for the extraction of cobalt and nickel into di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

The liquid-liquid extraction of cobalt and nickel from aqueous sulphate solutions into di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, DZEHPA, has been investigated at 25°C and 60°C. The system studied was made up as follows: the aqueous phase-cobalt and nickel dphates; the organic phase-20% D2EHPA, 75% Esso solvent DX3641 and 5% tri-butyl phosphate. Analogies to vapour-liquid equilibria were made to develop three methods to correlate the binary equilibrium data, namely: 1) a delta Y method, 2) a method based on the correlation of solvent free mole fractions in both phases and 3) a “pseudo activity” coefficient or pseudo gamma method, γ_AB. The methods were evaluated as to their suitability for the prediction of binary isotherms. The delta Y and pseudo gamma methods were found to give the best results.     

Phase transformation in nickel during tribotesting

Commercially pure nickel was subjected to a polyalphaolefin-lubricated reciprocating tribotest with increasing load. A friction transition was observed and X-ray diffraction was performed on low-friction and high-friction areas. Hexagonal nickel or nickel carbide was formed at high friction. Broadening of the face-centered cubic peaks did not show dislocation structures characteristic of scuffing.     

以锌铁合金为装饰镀铬底层的节镍工艺

镍是装饰镀铬组合工艺的中间镀层，用量较大，而镍价居高不下，节镍工艺倍受关注。本文介绍以锌铁合金为装饰镀铬底层的节镍工艺：一般Cu／Ni/Cr镀层改为Zn-Fe/碱Cu／亮Ni/Cr；高档产品半亮Ni/高硫Ni/全亮Ni/Cr镀层改为Zn-Fe/中性镍／亮Ni/Cr。应用表明，节镍工艺既不影响装饰铬的防护性，又显著节约金属镍，有效降低生产成本。     

新型镍铸铁的组织与性能的研究

设计了新型耐蚀镍铸铁的组织及其化学成分。试验结果表明，除了石墨和奥氏体基体外，还有合金渗碳体存在。该镍铸铁具有良好的耐蚀性能、较好的机械性能与满意的铸造性能。     

胱氨酸加速化学沉积镍的机理

研究了胱氨酸对化学沉积镍的速度，析氢量和反应活化能影响及对Ｈ２ＰＯ２氧化和Ｎｉ＾２＋还原速度的影响，分析了化学镀镍层的元素组成和价态，结果表明，胱氨酸是通过它在金属表面吸附，并与吸附在金属表面的Ｈ２ＰＯ２中的Ｐ相互作用，加速了Ｈ２ＰＯ２中Ｐ－Ｈ键的断裂，稳定了反应中间体－ＨＰＯ２自由基，使原子氢浓度升高，从而加快了Ｎｉ－Ｐ镀层的沉积速度与析氢的速度。     

Absolute Isotopic Abundance Ratios and Atomic Weight of a Reference Sample of Nickel

Absolute values have been obtained for the isotopic abundance ratios of a reference sample of nickel (Standard Reference Material 986), using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Samples of known isotopic composition, prepared from nearly isotopically pure separated nickel isotopes, were used to calibrate the mass spectrometers. The resulting absolute isotopic ratios are: ⁵⁸Ni/⁶⁰Ni=2.596061±0.000728, ⁶¹Ni/⁶⁰Ni=0.043469±0.000015,⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni=0.138600±0.000045, and ⁶⁴Ni/⁶⁰Ni=0.035295±0.000024, which yield atom percents of ⁵⁸Ni=68.076886 ±0.005919, ⁶⁰Ni = 26.223146±0.005144,⁶¹Ni=1.139894±0.000433, ⁶²Ni =3.634528±0.001142, and ⁶⁴Ni =0.925546±0.000599. The atomic weight calculated from this isotopic composition is 58.693353 ±0.000147. The indicated uncertainties are overall limits of error based on two standard deviations of the mean and allowances for the effects of known sources of possible systematic error.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定Ni-Cu-Li/SiO2催化剂中镍铜锂

准确测定Ni-Cu-Li/SiO₂催化剂中镍、铜、锂含量,对Ni-Cu-Li/SiO₂催化剂的催化性能影响因素研究意义重大。试验采用5mL盐酸-3mL硝酸-4mL氢氟酸消解体系,于160℃密闭消解样品100min后,选择 Ni 231.604nm、Cu 327.396nm、Li 670.784nm为分析谱线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定镍、铜、锂,建立了Ni-Cu-Li/SiO₂催化剂中镍、铜、锂的测定方法。各元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.999;镍、铜、锂的检出限分别为0.0006%、0.0002%和0.00005%,定量限分别为0.002%、0.0007%和0.0002%。按照实验方法测定两个Ni-Cu-Li/SiO₂催化剂样品中镍、铜、锂,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)均小于4.0%;加标回收率为90%~103%。     

The cyclic oxidation resistance of cobalt-chromium-aluminum alloys at 1100 and 1200° C and a comparison with the nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy system

A series of Co-rich alloys in the Co-Cr-Al system were cyclically oxidized in still air for 500 1 -hr heating cycles at 1100° C and 200 1 -hr heating cycles at 1200°C, The specific weight-change data for each sample were then used to determine both an oxide growth constant, k₁, and a spoiling constant, k₂, for each alloy, using the regression equation W/A=k ₁ ^1/2 t^1/2— k₂t±. These in turn were combined to form an oxidation attack parameter, K_a, where K_a=(k ₁ ^1/2 +10k₂). These attack parameters, along with X-ray diffraction results, were then compared with K_a values determined for comparable Al and Cr compositions in the Ni-rich Ni-Cr-Al system. The K_a and X-ray diffraction results indicated that initially, if the Cr and Al contents in both systems are high enough, protective -Al₂O₃ and aluminate spinel(s) are formed. However, in the long run, when the scales eventually start to fail, mainly CoO is formed in the Co-Cr-Al system and mainly NiO in the Ni-Cr-Al system. The Ni-Cr-Al system is considered more oxidation resistant since CoO leads to massive spalling and sudden drastic weight loss, while NiO fails in a more gradual, predictive manner. Both sets of alloys were melted in zirconia crucibles and the resultant Zr pickup increased the cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloys in both systems.     

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪检测贫铀棒材表面镍锌镀层厚度

为了确保贫铀棒材表面防腐性能满足使用要求,需要准确地测量产品表面的镍镀层和锌镀层厚度。采用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(PXRF)对贫铀棒材表面双镀层的各层厚度进行检测,实现了对镍镀层和锌镀层厚度非破坏性的测量。选用特征谱线强度分布均匀的镀层样品和未镀镀层的贫铀基体样品,采用PXRF检测,结果表明,基体射线对检测谱线无干扰。分别选取相同厚度镍镀层、不同厚度锌镀层的样品,相同厚度锌镀层、不同厚度镍镀层的样品,以及镍镀层、锌镀层厚度均不相同的样品,采用PXRF进行检测,结果表明,实验方法可识别相同基体上不同厚度的镍镀层和锌镀层,可实现镍锌组合镀层中两种镀层厚度的同时测量。根据贫铀棒材样品结构特点和镍镀层和锌镀层厚度的技术要求,设计制作了对比试样,分别绘制贫铀棒材样品镍镀层和锌镀层厚度与其对应特征峰强度的校准曲线,结果表明,校准曲线线性相关系数r均不小于0.999 4。采用实验方法检测贫铀棒材样品表面镍镀层和锌镀层厚度,同时在任意圆周上均匀地取6个检测点,采用金相显微镜法进行检测求得平均值,结果表明,实验方法测定结果相对标准偏差(n=6)不大于5.1%;与金相显微镜法基本一致,两种方法差值为-1.57~1.70 μm。